زودترین وقت تشخیص اوتیسم چه هنگامی است؟
تا موقعی که تشخیص اوتیسم بر اساس رفتار باشد، تشخیص قطعی تنها پس از وقوع بیماری و ظهور علایم میتواند گذاشته شود. شاید وقتی که یک آزمون بیولوژیکی در دسترس قرار گیرد، تشخیص قبل از تولد میسر شود. اما چنین آزمونی همچنان دور از دسترس است. تشخیص بر پایه ویژگیهای رفتاری به معنای زندگی توام با سردرگمی است.از آنجا که دامنه تفاوتهای کودکان بسیار وسیع است، چه بسا بالینی گران پر تجربه هم موقع تشخیص زودهنگام دچار اشتباه شوند.
زمانیکه کودکی در سن ۲۴ ماهگی تشخیص اختلال اوتیسم میگیرد تا چه اندازه این تشخیص میتواند قطعیت داشته باشد، چقدر احتمال دارد که این تشخیص دو سال بعد هم تایید شود. محققین نشان داده اند که در بیشتر موارد تشخیصها تایید شده است. اما در حدود یک سوم موارد تشخیص اتیسم تایید نشده است. این مطالعه همچنین نشان داده که اگر سن تشخیص بیش از ۳۰ ماهگی باشد، تشخیص تقریبا قطعیت دارد.
بسیاری بر این باورند که علی رغم وجود احتمال خطا، تشخیص زودهنگام هدف مطلوبی است. یک راه ایده آل برای حل این مشکل، تشخیص در دو مرحله است. بدین ترتیب که در مرحله اول، تمامی کودکان ۱۸ ماهه غربالگری شوند و در مرحله دوم، شاید در حدود ۳۰ ماهگی، یک ارزیابی تشخیصی جامع برای کودکانی که علایم نگران کننده بروز داده اند اجرا شود.
در حال حاضر یک ابزار غربالگری ساخته شده است که سه مشخصه را بررسی میکند. نخست آیا کودک ((توجه اشتراکی)) مانند نشان دادن چیزی با انگشت دارد. دوم، آیا جهت نگاه بزرگسال را دنبال میکند. سوم، آیا او در یک بازی وانمودی شرکت میکند؟ بیشتر کودکانی که رشد طبیعی دارند، در سن ۱۸ ماهگی این کارها را به راحتی انجام میدهند. اما بیشتر کودکان اوتیستیک از عهده این کارها برنمی آیند.
شهرام سلیمانی
منبع//معرفی اوتیسم، یوتا فریث
ترجمه دکتر پوراعتماد
برگرفته از کانال تازههای اتیسم
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