چهارشنبه , ۲ فروردین ۱۴۰۲

چرا افکار، احساسات، شغل‌ها، علم‌ها و حتی رنگ‌ها را بر پایه جنسیت تقسیم می‌کنید؟

چرا افکار، احساسات، شغل‌ها، علم‌ها و حتی رنگ‌ها را بر پایه جنسیت تقسیم می‌کنید؟

آیا تفاوت های جسمانی بین زن و مرد لزوماً باعث می شود زن و مرد نحوه ی تفکر و احساسات متفاوتی داشته باشند؟ آیا برخی از امور زندگی «مردانه» و برخی از امور آن «زنانه»اند؟ شما چه فکر می کنید؟ آیا «بچه داری» کار زنان است و «خلبانی» کار مردان؟

پایه گذاران روانکاوی همچون زیگموند فروید، کارل یونگ و اریک اریکسون اعتقاد داشتند که ساختار «روان زنانه» با ساختار «روان مردانه» متفاوت است وهمان طور که نمی توان انتظار داشت مردی وظیفه ی زایمان و شیردهی را به عهده بگیرد، نمی توان سایر امور «بچه داری» را به مردان سپرد.

این صاحب نظران می اندیشیدند که «طبیعت» وظایف متفاوتی را برای زنان و مردان درنظر گرفته است. فروید گفته است «آناتومی سرنوشت است».

گرچه فروید و یونگ افرادی تحصیل کرده و با تفکر علمی بودند، بعدها افکار آنان مورد نقد قرار گرفت و بسیاری از شاگردان آن ها به این نتیجه رسیدند که همه نظریات آن ها ساختار علمی خود را حفظ نکرده اند.

«کارن هورنای» از اولین زنان روانکاو و «مارگارت مید» مردم شناس برجسته، به این نتیجه رسیدند که فروید نقش فرهنگ و فضای اجتماعی را در نظریاتش نادیده گرفته است و بسیاری از آن چه زنانه یا مردانه پنداشته ایم نه تحت تأثیر «طبیعت» که محصول فرهنگ و تاریخ می باشد و قابل تغییر و بازنگری هستند.

تحقیقات بعدی در حیطه ی روانشناسی اجتماعی و فرهنگی نشان داد که اعتراضات «کارن هورنای»، «مارگارت مید» و دیگران به جا و درست بوده است. بسیاری از مواقع «باور ما» مبنی بر این که چیزی طبیعی یا چیز دیگری غیرطبیعی است بر «طبیعت» ما تأثیر می گذارد.

در یک کار پژوهشی، معلم در سر کلاس درس عنوان کرد که تحقیقات نشان داده است که دانش آموزانی که رنگ چشم روشن دارند بیش از دانش آموزانی که رنگ چشم تیره دارند در ریاضیات استعداد دارند. دو هفته بعد، این معلم از دانش اموزان آن کلاس امتحان ریاضی گرفت.

نمرات ریاضی دانش آموزان چشم روشن به طور قابل توجهی از دانش آموزان چشم تیره بالاتر بود. معلم نمرات را اعلام نکرد. در عوض، چند روز بعد اعلام کرد که راجع به تحقیقات علمی اشتباه کرده و وقتی دوباره مقالات را مرور کرده متوجه شده که طبق تحقیقات، دانش آموزان رنگ چشم تیره استعداد بیشتری در ریاضیات دارند! دوباره دوهفته بعد این معلم از همان دانش آموزان امتحان ریاضی گرفت، این بار نمرات دانش آموزانی که رنگ چشم تیره داشتند به طور قابل توجهی بالاتر از دانش آموزانی بود رنگ چشم شان روشن بود! می بینید؟ باور ما به یک گزاره، گاهی استعداد و هوش ما را هم تحت تأثیر قرار می دهند.

چرا افکار، احساسات، شغل‌ها، علم‌ها و حتی رنگ‌ها را بر پایه جنسیت تقسیم می‌کنید؟

هنوز هم در دنیا «تبعیض جنسی» بیداد می کند. فرهنگ های زیادی در دنیا هستند که هنوز افکار، احساسات، شغل ها، علم ها و حتی رنگ ها را نیز بر مبنای «زنانه» و «مردانه» تقسیم می کنند.

چنین فرهنگ هایی گاهی منجر به این می شوند که باور متفاوت بودن جنسی، در واقع نیز افراد را تحت تأثیر قرار دهد و ما در چرخه ی معیوب نادانی خود باقی بمانیم و آن چه را که محصول سنّت ها و باورهامان است، «ناموس هستی» و «قانون الهی» بدانیم! هنوز تحت نام روانشناسی، کتاب هایی منتشر می شوند که مردان را اهل مریُخ و زنان را اهل ونوس می دانند و برای آنان چنان تفاوت ذاتی قایلند که آن ها برای فهم یکدیگر نیاز به زحمت و تلاش دارند.

واقعیت چیست؟ آیا «خلبانی» کار مردان است و «بچه داری» کار زنان؟
شما چه فکر می کنید؟!

 

دکترمحمدرضاسرگلزایی – روانپزشک

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دکتر حسام فیروزی رواندرمانگر کودک، نوجوان و خانواده - DrHesamFiroozi

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